Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 1-20 (2025)
WIND RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE AND
REINFORCEMENT MEASURES OF STANDING SEAM METAL ROOFS
BASED ON WIND TUNNEL TESTS
Wen-Bing Han 1, Jing-Zhen Chen 2, *, Bo Yang 1, Hua-Chang Liu 2, Kai-Fang Lv 2, Chu-Huang Huang 2 and Mohamed Elchalakani 3
1 School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400045, China
2 China Construction Fourth Engineering Division Corp., LTD, Xiamen 361000, China
3 Department of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
*(Corresponding author: E-mail:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
Received: 12 June 2024; Revised: 17 December 2024; Accepted: 20 December 2024
DOI:10.18057/IJASC.2025.21.1.1
 View Article |
Export Citation: Plain Text | RIS | Endnote |
ABSTRACT
As an important building envelope structure, metal roofs have been widely used in various large-scale buildings because of their unique advantages such as beautiful shape, lightweight nature, flexibility, and exceptional strength. However, there are still some gaps in the existing research on the wind resistance performance of metal roof systems, which poses a serious threat to life and property. To address this gap, this paper conducted wind tunnel tests of long-span standing seam metal roofs. The basic wind pressure of 0.95 kN/m2, which is once every 100 years. The wind-induced response of the metal roofs under varying wind speeds and wind directions was simulated by the wind tunnel tests, which involved the measurement and analysis of the load distribution characteristics, equivalent wind loads, and wind vibration coefficients. The experimental results were used to determine the design wind load for the metal roofing structure and to conduct the wind vibration calculations. The results indicated that in regions experiencing high negative wind pressure, the results obtained from extreme value analysis marginally exceeded those obtained through the peak factor method. The stress characteristics and instability modes of metal roofs in strong wind environments were summarized, and the factors affecting the wind resistance performance of metal roofs were analyzed. The reinforcement measures for wind resistance design of metal roofs were proposed, it serves as a theoretical guide and scientific foundation for the future development of similar metal roof structures.
KEYWORDS
Large span metal roofs, Wind tunnel tests, Wind resistance performance, Finite element analysis, Reinforcement measures
REFERENCES
[1] Lu Q.R, Li M.C, Zhang M.X, Min Q.L, Zhang Y.J, Liu X.D. Wind-resistance performance investigation of 360◦ vertical seam-locked roof system reinforced by sliding support and sandwich panel. Journal of Building Engineering, 2022; 45: 103689.
[2] Ou T, Wang D.Y, Xin Z.Y, Tan J, Wu C.Q, Guo Q.W, Zhang Y.S. Full-scale tests on the mechanical behaviour of a continuously welded stainless steel roof under wind excitation. Thin-Walled Structures, 2020; 150: 106680.
[3] Estephan J, Feng C.D, Chowdhury A.G, Chavez M, Baskaran A, Moravej M. Characterization of wind-induced pressure on membrane roofs based on full-scale wind tunnel testing. Engineering Structures, 2021; 235:112101.
[4] Ignatowicz R.L, Gierczak J. Increase in wind load during assembly causes collapse of the hall structure. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2020; 113: 104538.
[5] Baheru T, Development of test-based wind-driven rain intrusion model for hurricane-induced building interior and contents damage. FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations, FIU, 2014.
[6] Baheru T, Chowdhury, A.G. Pinelli J.P. Estimation of wind-driven rain intrusion through building envelope defects and breaches during tropical cyclones. NatHazards Rev, 2014;16: 04014023.
[7] Darwish Y, ElGawady M. Finite element analysis of TPO membrane- retrofitted metal roof system subjected to wind loads. Structures, 2023; 50: 330-346.
[8] Tian M.L, Gao X.X, Zhang A.F, Han L.J, Xiao H.T. Study on the deformation failure mechanism and coupling support technology of soft rock roadways in strong wind oxidation zones. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2024;156: 107840.
[9] Tolera A.B, Estephan J, Chowdhury A.G, Zisis I, Sherman E, Kirby J. Wind loading on commercial roof edge metals: A full-scale experimental study. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023; 75:106910.
[10] Pieper L, Mahendran M. Numerical investigation and design of crest-fixed corrugated steel claddings under static wind uplift loading. Thin-Walled Structures, 2023; 182: 110270.
[11] Pawar S, Jugade H, Mukhopadhyay G. Investigation of corrosion of 55AlZn coated roof sheets in Al smelting plant. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2020;115:104691.
[12] Chen W.S, Hao H, Du H. Failure analysis of corrugated panel subjected to windborne debris impacts. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2014; 4: 229-249.
[13] Kopp G.A, Bank D. Use of the wind tunnel test method for obtaining design wind loads on roof-mounted solar arrays. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2012; 139: 284-287.
[14] Li R., Chowdhury A.G, Bitsuamlak G, Gurley K.R. Wind effects on roofs with high-profile tiles: experimental study. Journal of Architecture Engineering, 2014.
[15] Hadane A, Redford J.A, Gueguin M, Hafid F, Ghidaglia J.M. CFD wind tunnel investigation for wind loading on angle members in lattice tower structures. Journal of Wind Engineering & Industrial Aerodynamics, 2023; 236:105397.
[16] Wu B, Zhao H, Chen B, Yang Q.S. Comparison of wind-resistant capacities of standing seam roof systems under static uniform pressures and dynamic non-uniform wind pressures. Journal of Wind Engineering & Industrial Aerodynamics, 2023; 241:105552.
[17] Xia Y.C, Kopp G.A, Chen S.F. Failure mechanisms and load paths in a standing seam metal roof under extreme wind loads. Engineering Structures, 2023; 296: 116954.
[18] Baskaran B.A, Lei W. New design procedure for wind uplift resistance of architectural metal roofing systems. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 2006; 168-177.
[19] Schroter R.C. Air pressure testing of sheet metal roofing. NRCA Second International journal of Roofing Technology, 1985; 254-260.
[20] Xu Q.H, Wan T, Liu K. Optimal design of strengthening wind exposure resistance of vertical whipstitch mental roofing board. Engineering Mechanics, 2020;17-26. (in Chinese)
[21] Farquhar S, Kopp G.A, Surry D. Wind tunnel and uniform pressure tests of a standing seam metal roof model. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2005; 131: 650-659.
[22] Min Q.L, Li N, Zhang Y.J, Lu Q.R, Liu X.D. A novel wind resistance sliding support with large sliding displacement and high tensile strength for metal roof system. Engineering Structures, 2021; 243: 112670.
[23] Sinno R.R, Surry D, Fowler S, Ho T.C. Testing of metal roofing systems under simulated realistic wind loads. In: Proc 11th International Conference Wind Engineering, 2003;1065-1072.
[24] Li M, Yin X.Z, Zhang W, Fan F, Zhu Z.Q. Finite element analysis of wind-resistance performance of standing seam roof. Steel Structures, 2017; 72-76. (in Chinese)
[25] Liang Q.S, Yang Q.S, Liu M, Nie S.D, Wang Z, Liu R.L. An efficient method for evaluating the wind resistance performance of high-vertical standing seam metal cladding systems. Thin-Walled Structures, 2024; 205: 112433.
[26] Wang M.M, Ou T, Xin Z.Y, Wang D.Y, Zhang Y.S, Cui L. Experimental study on static temperature field effect on standing seam metal roof system. Structures, 2021; 31: 1-13.
[27] Simiu E, Miyata T. Design of buildings and bridges for wind: a practical guide for ASCE-7 standard users and designers of special structures. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
[28] Peov A. Dynamic response and life prediction of steel structures under wind loading. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1998; 1057-1065.
[29] Suresh K. Prediction of wind-induced fatigue on claddings of low buildings. Computers and Structures, 2000;31-48.
[30] Myuran K, Mahendran M. New test and design methods for steel roof battens subject to fatigue pull-through failures. Thin-Walled Structures, 2017; 558-571.
[31] Myuran K, Mahendran M. Unified static-fatigue pull-through capacity equations for cold formed steel roof batten. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2017;135-148.
[32] Wu T, Sun Y, Cao Z.G, Zhang J. Wind vulnerability analysis of standing seam roof system considering fatigue damage. Thin-Walled Structures, 2023; 184: 110550.
[33] Sun Y, Wu T, Cao Z.G, Wind vulnerability analysis of standing seam roof system with consideration of multistage performance levels. Thin-Walled Structures, 2021;165(1):107942.
[34] Habte F, Mooneghi M.A, Chowdhury A.G. Full-scale testing to evaluate the performance of standing seam metal roofs under simulated wind loading. Engineering Structures, 2015;231-248.
[35] Holmes J.D. Wind Loading of Structures. CRCPress, Oakville, 2015.
[36] Luo Y.F, Xiao B.B, Liu S. Analysis of the load-bearing capacity of thin-walled steel roof panels and connections. Progress in Steel Building Structures, 2006; 1-4.
[37] Wijesooriya K, Mohotti D, Lee C.K, Mendis P. A technical review of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications on wind design of tall buildings and structures: Past, present and future. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023; 74:106828.
[38] Gaur N, Raj R. Aerodynamic mitigation by corner modification on square model under wind loads employing CFD and wind tunnel. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2022; 13: 101521.
[39] Shan X.F, Luo N, Sun K.Y, Hong T.Z, Lee Y.K, Lu W.Z. Coupling CFD and building energy modelling to optimize the operation of a large open office space for occupant comfort. Sustainable Cities and Society, 2020; 60:102257.
[40] BaskaranB.A, Ksk P. Optimizing the wind uplift resistance of mechanically attached roofing systems. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 2008; 65-75.
[41] Baskaran B.A, Molleti S, Booth R.J. Understanding air barriers in mechanically attached low slope roofing assemblies for wind uplift. Journal of ASTM International, 2006; 1-13.
[42] Azzi Z, Habte F, Vutukuru K.S, Chowdhury A.G, Moravej M. Effects of roof geometric details on aerodynamic performance of standing seam metal roofs. Engineering Structures, 2020; 225:111303.
[43] ASTM E1592. Standard test method for structural performance of sheet metal roof and siding systems by uniform static air pressure difference. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2001.
[44] ANSI/FM Approvals 4474. Evaluating the simulated wind uplift resistance of roof assemblies using static positive and/or negative differential pressures. Norwood, MA: American National Standards Institute, 2004.
[45] UL 1897. Standard for uplift tests for roof covering systems. Cames, WA: Underwriters Laboratories, 2004.
[46] JGJ/T 338-2014, Standard for wind tunnel test of buildings and structures. China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing, 2014. (in Chinese)
[47] GB 50009-2012, Load code for the design of building structures. China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing, 2012. (in Chinese)
[48] Guan W.L. Study on wind-resistant capacity of typical metal roof panels. South China University of Technology, 2019. (In Chinese)
[49] Nan N. Research on the wind resistance performance of large-span metal roof and the bearing capacity of new connectors. Lanzhou University of Technology, 2021. (In Chinese).
[50] Mackiewicz M, Krentowski J.R, Knyziak P, Kowalski R. The influence of the fire temperature on the condition of steel roof structure. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2023;146:107080.
[51] Wang M.M, Ou T, Xin Z.Y, Wang D.Y, Zhang Y.S. Mechanical behavior and fatigue failure analysis of standing seam aluminum alloy roof system under temperature effect. Journal of Building Engineering, 2021; 44: 103001.
[52] Wang M.M, Xin Z.Y, Ge L.F, Wang D.Y, Zhang Y.S. Wind load design and test methods for standing seam metal roofing system. Building Structures, 2023; 1-8.